The 2013 CHDIR provides new data for 19 of the topics published in 2011 and 10 new topics. In Glasgow, male life expectancy ranges from 66.2 years in Ruchill and Possilpark to 81.7 years in Cathcart and Simshill – a difference of 15.5 years. Around 95% of TB deaths are in the developing world. The inverse relationship between deprivation and health outcomes though well established as shown above (Table 2 and recently in Newton JN et al 2015) is also slightly more complex as shown below. Outcomes reported by proxy may be systematically different from those obtained from patients directly. A systematic review and meta-analysis, http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/mars-vs-venus-the-gender-gap-in-health, http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/foundation-health-measures/Determinants-of-Health, Temporal trends and racial/ethnic disparity in self-reported pediatric food allergy in the United States, Translating research evidence into practice to reduce health disparities: A social determinants approach, Contribution of communication inequalities to disparities in human papillomavirus vaccine awareness and knowledge, Psychological morbidity and quality of life of ethnic minority patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis, The relationship between health literacy and health disparities: A systematic review, “White Box” epidemiology and the social neuroscience of health behaviors: The Environmental affordances model, Recruitment and retention for community-based eHealth interventions with populations of low socioeconomic position: Strategies and challenges, Female gender is an independent prognostic factor in non-small-cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis, Effect of culturally tailored diabetes education in ethnic minorities with type 2 diabetes, Communication about health disparities in the mass media, http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/OMHHE.html, Introduction: Communication and health care disparities, http://www.rwjf.org/en/library/annual-reports/presidents-message-2014.html, http://www.equinetafrica.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/ROCequity.pdf, Rethinking the vulnerability of minority populations in research, Socioeconomic inequality and caries: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Socioeconomic differences in lung cancer incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis, http://www.health.gov/communication/literacy/, Socioeconomic disadvantage and disease-specific mortality in Asia: Systematic review with meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies, Health disparities, communication inequalities, and ehealth, Cancer information disparities between U.S.- and foreign-born populations, The ACT2 Program and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in HIV and AIDS Clinical Trials: A Case Study in Health and Risk Messaging, Neighborhood Considerations for Social Determinants of Health and Risk, Culture, a Social Determinant of Health and Risk: Considerations for Health and Risk Messaging, Statistical Evidence in Health and Risk Messaging, Government-Driven Incentives to Improve Health, Public Health and Community Organizing as Agents for Change in Health and Risk Messaging, Ethical Issues and Considerations in Health and Risk Message Design, Communications Research in Using Genomics for Health Promotion. The clearest indicator is in mortality rates, where women consistently live longer than men, and the difference holds internationally (Harvard Medical School, 2010). Of course, many of these factors tend to be correlated, both complicating and exacerbating the problem. Freimuth and Quinn (2004) discussed how health communication researchers have expertise in mass media campaigns, entertainment-education programs, media advocacy efforts, new technology initiatives, and interpersonal level interventions such as patient-provider communication training, all of which can be brought to bear on the development, testing, and implementation of strategies to reduce disparities. Braveman (2014) emphasizes this point in her discussion of health disparities and health equity, noting that in this context, health disparities are not merely differences in health status; rather, they are differences stemming from inequity: Health equity and health disparities are intertwined. In doing so, communication researchers must keep communication theory in mind and focus on those etiological factors that would respond to a communication intervention. RWJF focus areas are child and family well-being, health coverage, health leadership and workforce, health system improvement, healthy weight, and health communities. This landmark report, commissioned in 1984 by Margaret M. Heckler, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, documents the factors that influence health disparities among Blacks, Hispanics, Asian/Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans, and it offers recommendations to reduce them through (a) health information and education, (b) health services, (c) health professions development, (d) cooperative efforts, (e) data development, and (f) a minority health-focused research agenda. Select agencies within the National Institutes of Health also support what are called Centers for Population Health and Health Disparities (CPHHDs). Below is a sample of meta-analytic studies of interventions designed to reduce a variety of health disparities. All racial and ethnic groups experienced improvements in health coverage, access, and utilization compared to prior to the ACA (Figure 1). Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication, College of Communication and Information, University of Kentucky, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Office of Minority Health & Health Equity, Rockefeller Foundation and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Gender (Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Studies), Incidence and Prevalence of Morbidity and Mortality, Health Literacy and Health Information Seeking, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.222, http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=ceth20, http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/jhdrp/, http://www.springer.com/medicine/journal/40615, http://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/projects/fair-society-healthy-lives-the-marmot-review, http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/109759/EHFA5-E.pdf, http://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/education/curriculum-tools/population-health/adler.html, Health disparities and health equity: Concepts and measurement, Specifying race-ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorders in a US national sample, A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of behavioural smoking cessation interventions in selected disadvantaged groups, Racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Reducing health disparities by addressing social determinants of health, http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dch/programs/reach/pdf/final_reach_fact-sheet-092012_tag508.pdf, Cancer coverage in general-audience and Black newspapers, The promise of prevention: The effects of four preventable risk factors on national life expectancy and life expectancy disparities by race and county in the United States, Migration, social mobility and common mental disorders: Critical review of the literature and meta-analysis, Racial/ethnic disparities in HIV infection among people who inject drugs: An international systematic review and meta-analysis, Conceptual approaches to the study of health disparities, Race and ethnicity in public health research: Models to explain health disparities, Do interventions designed to support shared decision-making reduce health inequalities? As described in previous chapters, there are differences in health outcomes for men and women, for different age groups and for different countries. For example, racial and ethnic minorities tend to be less healthy than their majority counterparts. As is easily imagined, there are concerted efforts being made on many fronts to reduce health disparities. There are also differences in outcomes relating to socioeconomic status, ethnicity, geographical area and other social factors. -two groups, one outcome, at two time points* Hotelling's T^2-measuring more than 1 dependent variable-difference between two mean vectors ... size effect-a quantitative measure of the strength of a phenomenon-a significance test does not tell the size of a difference between two measures (practical significance) ... How should the results of statistical analysis be considered in the context of health … Inequalities exist across a range of dimensions, such as socio-economic deprivation and personal characteristics like age and sex. Some researchers separate definitions of health inequality from health disparity by preventability. One is the basis on which groups are being compared. Using the 2007 HINTS data, Kontos, Emmons, Puleo, and Viswanath (2012) explored the relationship between Internet use and knowledge about HPV and the HPV vaccine. Among the general health information seekers, respondents who did not use the Internet had less awareness of the HPV vaccine, were less likely to know that HPV causes cervical cancer, and were less likely to know that HPV was sexually transmitted; among cancer information seekers, however, no differences emerged between those who used the Internet and those who did not. They found that respondents who did not use the Internet had less awareness of the HPV vaccine and were less likely to know that HPV causes cervical cancer. A systematic review of the literature by Mantwill, Monestel-Umaña, and Schultz (2015) asked precisely this question. Physical determinants implicate the built environment, which can either facilitate or impede health promotion, and environmental hazards, such as poor air or water quality. In terms of smoking, lower levels of education were associated with higher levels of smoking among men regardless of level of country urbanicity and among women in least urban countries; higher levels of education were associated with higher levels of smoking among women in the most urban countries. Promising studies that are ongoing or studies that have longer term data are welcome, as are studies that serve as lessons for best practices in eliminating health disparities. This is a program that was started in 2003 with the support of the National Cancer Institute, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the National Institute on Aging, and the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research and continued in 2009 by the National Cancer Institute; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; and the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research. (2011) reviewed a sample of CDC’s Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health programs (CDC, 2012) and identified an array of promising programs designed to address a host of disparities, including asthma, cancer, diabetes, and hepatitis. Health disparities can be considered along several fronts, including populations of interest; incidence and prevalence of morbidity and mortality; determinants of health; health literacy and health information seeking; media influences on health disparities; and efforts to reduce health disparities, including government/foundation efforts and research-driven interventions. Simply put, poorer, less educated populations are less healthy than more affluent, educated populations. This report issued by the Institute of Medicine documents the extent of U.S. health disparities and the factors that contribute to them; it also recommends strategies to reduce health disparities. The authors included 36 studies in their review, 31 of which were conducted in the United States. In the United States, there are federal agencies tasked with the goal of reducing health disparities. First, different groups can have access or be exposed to different kinds of health information, which may either exacerbate or potentially ameliorate disparities depending on the nature of the coverage. Although this is a very cursory review of the literature using only the macro subject term “health disparities” in five databases, the point remains the same: In recent years, academic interest in health disparities has exploded. (State- and local-level agencies have similar charges, but a review of these is beyond the scope of this essay.) Individual behavioral risk factors are numerous, involving such things as alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use and risky sexual behavior resulting in sexually transmitted infections and unplanned/early pregnancy. A health disparity/inequality is a particular type of difference in health or in the most important influences on health that could potentially be shaped by policies; it is a difference in which disadvantaged social groups (such as the poor, racial/ethnic minorities, women, or other groups that have persistently experienced social disadvantage or discrimination) systematically experience worse … Second, the way the issue of health disparities is depicted in the media may have impact on public support for initiatives to reduce health disparities. Using the 2005 HINTS data, Zhao (2010) explored differences in cancer information seeking between U.S. and foreign-born populations. A child born in Sierra Leone can expect to live for 50 years while a child born in Japan can expect to live 84 years. These deaths affect mainly young adults in their most productive years. But scientific research and sound policy analysis demand information about causal relationships. (2010) reviewed several programs across local, national, and global levels that have been enacted to reduce health disparities and found considerable evidence of positive impact. Mortality. Health disparities are similarities in health outcomes between groups. Hundreds of academic journals publish research related to health disparities; however, some have a primary focus on the topic. In London, when travelling east from Westminster, each tube stop represents nearly one year of life expectancy lost according to the findings of the London Health Observatory. In a meta-analysis of 32 studies designed to determine the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions among disadvantaged groups, Bryant, Bonevski, Paul, McElduff, and Attia (2011) found evidence of short-term effects for interventions for low income women and long-term follow-up effects among persons with mental illness. Meta-analyses also have found differences in disease survival by ethnicity and sex. Prioritize community engagement and equitably shared community and researcher power to maximize intervention success and sustainability. Danaei et al. Coronavirus disease outbreak (COVID-2019), Coronavirus disease outbreak (COVID-19) ». The Office for National Statistics analyses deaths that could be averted or delayed through timely, effective health care (‘amenable mortality’) or wider public health interventions (‘preventable mortality’). The term ‘health inequities’ relates to perceived unfair differences in health outcomes between groups that are potentially avoidable. 1–5 Individuals from black and minority ethnic (BME) groups have generally been found more likely to report poor general health than the white British population, 6 and those of black Caribbean, black African, Indians, Pakistani and Bangladeshi heritage have also been found more likely to report a limiting long-term illness than … ... or ‘Asian’ may mask considerable within-group differences and emphasise between-group differences. Health outcomes included self-reported health status, cancer-related outcomes, medication adherence and management, disease control, preventive care, and end-of-life decisions. Parsing the respondents into “general health information seekers” and “cancer information seekers” revealed interesting subtleties. As might be expected, there are health disparities in both cases. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a single article for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). These results hold globally. A meta-analysis of 29 studies from 10 Asian countries found that lower socioeconomic status as measured by income, education, and occupation was related to higher overall mortality and mortality due to cardiovascular disease and cancer (Vathesatogkit, Batty, & Woodward, 2014). There is no biological or genetic reason for these alarming differences in health. A meta-analysis of rheumatic heart disease that involved 37 populations found a relationship between level of social inequality and prevalence of the disease; prevalence increased with age, but there were no differences by sex (Rothenbühler et al., 2014). These health inequalities, avoidable and unfair differences in health status between groups of people or communities1, reflect historic and present-day social inequalities in our population. Finally, an annotated list of primary sources (books, special issues of journals, reports) and a list of sources for further reading are offered to provide a starting point for beginning scholars to orient themselves to research in health disparities. They are 14 times more likely to die before the age of five in sub-Saharan Africa than the rest of the world. Media influences involve the effects of access or exposure to different kinds of health information on the health behavior and health outcomes of different groups, as well as the effects of health disparity media coverage on public support for initiatives to reduce health disparities. Health inequities are systematic differences in health outcomes. The standard advice is to implement a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to avoid confounding and isolate tr… , coverage of health disparities always categorized or defined as health disparities has increased precipitously in recent years, in... 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